Patent Pending Blog - Patents and the History of Technology

Ancient Ceramic Archimedes Screw Found

Below is a picture of a strange technology, that maybe some smart person can identify.  This is what appears to be a clay or ceramic Archimedes Screw.  This is one of several pieces of the devices, which were bound together.  They were found on a bluff overlooking the Savannah river, about 10 miles upstream.  There  was a settlement of people from Austria in the area who immigrated to the region in starting in about 1730.   They made a settlement about 100 yards from the river.

By the shape of it I am guessing it is an Archimedes screw, presumably made to lift water.  How would something this heavy be supported for turning?  I wonder if anyone has heard of ceramic screws of this type being made in Austria or anywhere else?

Babylon

The Greek historian Herodotus visited the city of Babylon in 460 BC, after it had been conquered by the Persian Cyrus, and stripped or treasures, but when its walls and temples were still standing, and he described the largest city of the ancient world.  The entire city was enclosed within a wall from 14 to 10.5 miles on each side (depending on which ancient historian is referenced).   The river Euphrates passed through the city walls, and the brick lined channel was lined by waterfront, wharves, and docks along its length inside the city.   Each of the four walls were pierced by 25 fortified gates, each guarded by massive bronze gates, through which the 50 thoroughfares of the city passed, forming 625 regular city blocks, each of at least 100 acres.  The famous Ishtar Gate was a gated entrance to an inner wall in the city. 

The area inside the walls included gardens and farms, as well as buildings and a full size pyramid, all made of bricks and palm wood. The walls enclosed up to 196 square miles!  The step pyramid was the temple of Belus.  It was 600 feet on each side at the base, and rose to a height of 480 feet, which compares to the 481 feet of the Egyptian pyramid at Giza.  Stairs around the pyramid allowed worshipers to travel to the top, to place offerings at the temple there.  The view from the top of the city laid out below, with the river, parks, walls, the hanging gardens, and the surrounding agricultural areas would have been in incredible sight to visitors and residents of the great city.

The most impressive structure of the city might have been the outer walls.  Herodotus stated the walls were 85 feet wide, and 335 feet tall, topped by 250 defensive towers.  The top of the walls included a road wide enough that a four horse chariot could turn around on the road.   The top of the walls were the site of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which were watered by a "huge hydraulic machine, working after the manner of the screw of Archimedes", which drew water tot he gardens.  The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which are described in the following links. 

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesis
The Colossus of Rhodes
The Pyramids of Egypt
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Lighthouse at Alexandria  

Stonehenge

It is a huge mystery how the ancient stone age Britains moved massive stones, and stood them upright.  This was done before metals were available, so only timbers, ropes, and stones were available as materials.  A man in Flint Michigan named Wally Wallington has demonstrated some ingenious techniques for moving huge stones, and he says Stonehenge could have been built with similar techniques.  He goes a step further and moves some big stones singlehanded.  The link to his movie is below:

http://j-walkblog.com/index.php?/weblog/posts/moving_big_rocks/   

Speaking of Stonehenge, people might be interested to know there is a full size replica of Stonehenge in Washington, overlooking the Columbia River near Goldendale.  These pictures are of some neo-Druids from a few years ago.

The Three Hundred Spartans

A new movie looks pretty interesting, about the story of the 300 Spartans who fought Xerxes army of 1.7 million men.  The trailer to the movie "300" is here, and this is one I want to see.  Below is an update of a post on the subject, with new information added.

In 481 BC when the Persian king Xerxes was going to invade Greece for conquest, he assembled a huge army from his tributary states. They were so numerous that it was hard to count them. So they counted out 10,000 and had them stand in a densely packed circle. Then they built a waist high wall around them. Then they had the rest of the troops enter the walled circle until it was full, and called it 10,000 per filling. The Persian army filled the circle 170 times, for a head count of 1,700,000!!  Of these there were 80,000 cavalry, 20,000 charioteers and camel riders.

This was and is the largest army ever assembled in the history of the world.  The Persian army was made up of armies from each province or satrapy of the kingdom, and my theory of the purpose of the head count is that this technique was to verify the number of soldiers that each provincial governor said he had contributed, which might have been an inflated number.

This illustration from The History of the World, by Ridpath, 1915.  The Persian navy sailed through a specially built canal in the Athos peninsula which had been in preparation for three years. 

The Persians continued via a land march to the Pass of Thermopylae, where they were faced by 300 Spartans and 8700 Greek soldiers from allied cities.  These were an advance force representing the Greek cities, because troops from the other cities were occupied and could not assemble in time.  Xerxes demanded the surrender of the Greek force, proclaiming that the Persian arrows would fill the sky.  The king of the Spartans replied "Good, then we'll fight in the shade." 

The Spartans, including the king of Sparta, held off the Persians assaults one after the other, with great slaughter of Persians.  The Persians finally got through the pass, at a loss of 20,000 killed, and the Spartans killed to a man.  The Persians found a mountain trail around the pass, and assembled a force behind the Spartans lines, and attacked from both sides. Before the final assault the Spartans sent most of the other Greeks to rally the other Greeks to oppose the Persians, but all the Spartans stayed to face the final Persian assault, and perished.

One thing the Spartans did, besides buy time for the Greeks to get organized,  was to throw off the Persian plans.  Xerxes had spent years preparing for the invasion, and had filled vast stores of food warehouses along the route.  When a marching army of 1.7 million men has to stay in one place and be fed, that can be a logistical problem.

The Persians then met the Athenian fleet, who they greatly outnumbered.  The Athenian fleet mauled the Persian fleet, and the main force of the Persians returned to Persia, leaving an army of 260,000 to finish the conquest in the Spring.  They were routed by a Greek force of 108,000 soldiers at Platea. What the Greeks  had discovered was a new strategy of fighting, the phalanx, and they had perfected its use during decades of Greek against Greek warfare.

The Medieval Trebuchet

by Ciera Shaver, age 15

"Bad Neighbor", cocked and ready to fire.

The trebuchet was invented in China in the 5th century BC. It was a more modern version of a siege weapon that was an improvement of a previous one, called the “ancient sling.” It was a significant siege weapon of the Medieval Ages for many reasons. It had many uses, it was used both defensively and offensively, and fought in several battles.  Although it is was very simple in principle, it was very technologically advanced for its time.

"Bad Neighbor", in released position.

The trebuchet was a very versatile siege weapon. It was a weapon of choice for many armies for numerous accounts. It was capable of launching stones Weighing more than 300 pounds, and made them travel more than 300 yards. It was used both for defense and attack, and was the most powerful medieval battlefield weapon, and was usually very successful, as it was both accurate, and powerful. The trebuchet not only threw stones. It was also threw many other kinds of objects, including horses, men, bombs, animals, and corpses of infected horses and men.  Some of these objects were thrown with the object of infecting city defenders with diseases, or to  contaminate drinking water, and thus was an early form of biological warfare.

"Bad Neighbor", detail of trigger.

Not only was the trebuchet used in battle, but it was also used to toss rose petals at ladies during tournaments. The trebuchet was used in many influential battles in the Middle Ages. In 1191, at the Siege of Acre, Richard Lionheart constructed two trebuchets called, “God’s own catapult,” and “Bad Neighbour.” At the siege of Sterling Castle in 1304, Edward Longshanks made a giant trebuchet for his English army called "Warwolf" At the siege of Lisbon in 1147, two trebuchets launched stones every 15 seconds, which was a huge advancement for that time period. In 1422, Prince Coribut was the first to shoot manure out of his trebuchet at the siege of Carolstein.

The length of the arm on a Trebuchet determined how much power would be exerted from it. The longer the arm, the more force it gave. The longest arm in the Middle Ages was Edward Longshank's that measured 50 feet long, and threw 300 pounds. The sling of the trebuchet doubled the power of a trebuchet by both distance and force. Although both large and small trebuchets were incredibly effective, they both had advantages and disadvantages. A larger trebuchet was able to cast objects much farther, but was difficult to move around, required many people to operate (20-100 men), and it had a slower rate of fire. A smaller trebuchet didn't have as much range as a large trebuchet, but it was much easier to move from place to place, and it only took one person to set up for fire.

The trebuchet played a huge role in siege weapon technology in the middle ages. It started out as simply a new version of a simple weapon, and developed over the years into a very useful and versatile weapon. It was the most different, yet powerful, weapon of its time, and it sparked the idea of new, and improved trebuchets to still be used in the future.

My Method of Construction

This trebuchet was constructed with plans found on the internet, at Andy's Home Page, which is a site that gives directions on how to make many different kinds of trebuchets.  However, these directions made a trebuchet that was about 3 times the size of mine, so the very first part of my project was to convert all 35 pieces of wood, seven of which had angles, into a smaller scale, so it wouldn't be so large. My next step was to measure and  ut each piece of wood needed for the construction. The directions from the  ebsite were not very clear (most of the steps were only described in pictures) so for some steps I had to improvise.

Many of the pieces that have angles at the ends I had to cut to fit because the angles in the directions did not fit my model. After I had built the base and frame, the next step was to build the arm, which is the main source of power for trebuchets.  The counterweight box was filled with approximately 6-8 ounces of BB's, and the BBs were sealed with wood glue and sawdust. I used a segment of a bicycle spoke as the axle of the arm,  with bicycle cable ends serving as bearings for the axle to rest on. The instructions from the site for the trigger made absolutely no sense, so I  once again, had to improvise. With help from my father, we used a cut down black paper clamp to hold one rope from the sling.  We found that we couldn’t screw an eyehole screw into the thin beam, because it would split,  so the clamp was used instead.  We then used brass picture frame hangers as the  release pin for the free end of the pouch line.  The release handle was made from a sturdy paperclip, and was bent to form. By placing the release pin under the paperclip handle, and then releasing, the pouch will  sling into the air, and release the object in the pouch.

What I have learned as a result of my project:

                The trebuchet was a very versatile weapon during the Middle Ages.  I had no idea how much it was used, and how differently it was used! My immediate assumption was that it would only be used to launch stones, but I soon found that it launched much, much more than just stones! I also did not know how powerful it was! It was amazing to me that such a simple mechanism could throw such a huge and heavy object, so far!  It seemed nearly impossible when I first read that it would cast stones that weighed 300 pounds, 300 yards in front of them! I did not know how much it had impacted some of the wars that it was used in. If the trebuchet weren't to be invented, I’m sure that some newer inventions inspired by the trebuchet would have never come to be.

My Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet
http://clackhi.nclack.k12.or.us/physics/projects/trebuchet/8%20-%http://20Trebuchet/Song/main10/background.htm
http://www.vu.union.edu/~stodolan/trebuchet/history.html
http://redstoneprojects.com
http://www.medieval-castle-siege-weapons.com
http://www.answers.com/topic/trebuchet

Maps of War

This site, Maps of War, has an animated display that shows a timeline of the various empires that have controlled the lands around the Mediterranean.  Hit "play" and see who has controlled the Holy Land as well as the rest of the region over the years.

The Temple of Artemis, Ephesus in Modern Turkey

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was counted as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, that list of marvels that ancient world travelers were fortunate to visit in their lifetimes. 

The historian Philon of Byzantium said "I have seen the walls and Hanging Gardens of ancient Babylon, the statue of Olympian Zeus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the mighty work of the high Pyramids  and the tomb of Mausolus. But when I saw the temple at Ephesus rising to the clouds, all these other wonders were put in the shade."

The Temple was built in Ephesus near modern day Selcuk in Turkey.  It was built in about 560 B.C. on the site of much older temples to Artemis and other Greek gods. It was built so that broad steps led up to a rectangular terrace on which the temple was built. It was rectangular in shape, and approximately 260 ft by 430 ft (80 m x 130 m). The building (the 323 bc version) consisted of a roof held up by 127 marble pillars, each 60 ft (20 m) high. The base of the pillars was decorated with extensive carvings and artwork.  The pillars were arranged aound the perimeter of the building, with the center being left open. 

The temple was burned down the same year that Alexander the Great was born, in 356 B.C., and rebuilt by 323 B.C.  It was again destroyed by the Goths and rebuilt in 263 A.D.  The temple was finally torn down permanently in 401 A.D. by St. John Chrysostom. When ancient references were used to find the site of the temple in the late 19th century, the local residents had never heard of it, and it was buried in 20 feet of swamp and overgrowth.  After excavation in the early 20th century, a single column reconstructed from the debris now stands on the site.  The drawing below is from Bill Munn's Seven Wonders of the Ancient World site. 

By comparison, the Lincoln Memorial, built in 1922, is 188 ft x 118 ft, with 36 columns 44 ft tall. 

This photo of the Lincoln Memorial is courtesy of Keith Stanley, www.kestan.com .

The other Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were:

The Colossus of Rhodes
The Pyramids of Egypt
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Lighthouse at Alexandria

The Lighthouse at Alexandria

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World included

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesis
The Colossus of Rhodes
The Pyramids of Egypt
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
The Lighthouse at Alexandria

When Alexander the Great died as a young man, his empire was divided up to be governed by his generals.  Egypt was governed by one of Alexander's generals named Ptolemy Soter.  Ptolemy began a lighthouse on an island called Pharos in about 290 B.C., adjacent to the harbor of Alexandria, and it was finished by his son after his death. 

The lighthouse is described as being of three sections.  The lower section was square and 184 ft in height.  The middle section was octagonal and 90 ft tall.  The upper section was circular and 24 ft high, for a total building height of 384 ft, equivalent to a 40 story building.  The core of each section was hollow and provided a circular core which was used to lift fuel to the top of the structure.  The lighthouse was the tallest structure in the ancient world.  By comparison, the tallest lighthouse in the modern world is the Marine Tower in Yokohama, which stands 348 feet tall. 

During the night a fire was kept lit, and a reflecting mirror directed the light.  During the day the reflector was used to reflect the sun for a distance of 50 km.  The reflector was removed by the Arab conquerors of Alexandria in 690 A.D.  In the 1300s two severe earthquakes made the lighthouse a ruins.  It was finally dismantled in 1490 and the stones incorporated into the walls of Alexandria by the Egyptian sultan. 

The drawing below is by Bill Munns from his site Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. 

Louis Pasteur and Beer Making

Beer was first made by the Sumerians, and the technology was absorbed into the Babylonian and ancient Egyptian cultures.  The practice of the Sumarians was to bake grains into bread, and the bread was moistened to begin the process of making beer.  The baked bread was a way to preserve the grain for later use in the beer making process.  A Sumerian beer was recreated recently by the folks at Anchor Steam Beer, as an experiment.

In more recent times, Louis Pasteur studied beer and wine making  and patented a process for making beer which resulted in a better beer.  Previously the wort was boiled and exposed to the air for cooling.  In Pasteur's process, the wort is kept in closed vessels and cooled by spraying the outside of the vessel with water.  A special yeast was introduced into the mash after it cooled, thus preventing contamination of the wort with stray wild yeasts floating through the air.

The Roman Navy and the Grappling Hook

In the mid 3rd century BC Rome had conquered all the other states of the Italian peninsula, and looked abroad to the islands of the Mediteranian for further conquest. But those islands were subjects states to the city of Carthage of North Africa.  Carthage was a Phoenician colony located about where modern Tunis is today.  The Phoenician's had a naval and seafaring tradition that dated back to antiquity, having sailed a fleet around Africa in 600 BC, having been the naval arm of Xerxes during his invasion of Greece, and having been the naval arm of Egypt for millenia.

When the Romans bumped into Carthage the Romans had almost no navy,  and no experience fighing naval battles.  Their largest  ship was the trireme, with three banks of oars, and they didn't have many of them. The Roman trireme was no match in numbers, size, speed or armament to the Carthaginian quinquereme, with five banks of oars.  But the Romans didn't know how to build the larger more advanced vessel.  Then one day a storm wrecked a Carthaginian quinquereme onto an Italian beach, and within two years the Romans had a fleet of 120 of quinqueremes. 

The Romans still didn't know how to fight a naval battle, but they knew hand to hand fighting on land.  In the first battle with the new Roman navy, in 260 BC, the Carthaginians were confident of victory.  They bore down on the Roman navy and were surprised by two new inventions and a new tactic in naval warfare.  Using newly invented grappling hooks and boarding bridges, the Roman lashed the attacking ships to their own, boarded them, and converted the battle to their forte, a hand to hand mellee.  In one battle the Carthaginian mastery of the sea was overthrown, and the Punic Wars began.

Drawing from the History of the World, Ridpath.